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JYVÄSKYLÄ STUDIES IN THE ARTS Николай Захаров ШЕКСПИР В ТВОРЧЕСКОЙ ЭВОЛЮЦИИ ПУШКИНА UNIVERSITY OF JYVÄSKYLÄ JYVÄSKYLÄ 2003 Editors Erkki Peuranen Department of Languages, University of Jyväskylä Pekka Olsbo and Marja–Leena Tynkkynen Publishing Unit, University Library of Jyväskylä ISSN 0075–4633 ISBN 951–39–1446–1 Copyright © by University of Jyväskylä Jyväskylän University Printing House, Jyväskylä 2003  3 ABSTRACT Zakharov, Nikolai Šekspir v tvortšeskoi evoljutsii Puškina Jyväskylä: University of Jyväskylä, 2003, 283 p. (Jyväskylä Studies in The Arts, ISSN 0075–4633; 83) ISBN 951–39–1446–1 Finnish summary Diss. The present thesis is concerned with the problem of Pushkin’s creative evolution under the influence of Shakespeare’s creative works, with a special emphasis on his play Measure for Measure. The central focus of the research is Pushkin’s creative development, his spiritual, philosophical and artistic growth during the years of his studies of Shakespeare, namely, from early 1820s up to his death in 1837. The essence of the problem can be summarised as follows: the dialogue between Pushkin and Shakespeare is a significant part of the history of Russian literature and philological studies. This thesis attempts to examine the presence of Shakespeare in Pushkin’s creative works, the latter’s reference to the former’s plays as well as his characters and plots. The research delineates the terms of Pushkin’s ‘Shakespearism’, providing a detailed analysis of Pushkin’s texts and its degree of dependence on Shakespeare. The study presents a detailed analysis of the traces of Shakespeare’s influence in one particular poem by Pushkin, entitled, The Angelo. This poem was named after Shakespeare’s infamous character from his so–called “problem play” Measure for Measure. Prior to writing Angelo Pushkin undertook an attempt to translate Shakespeare’s play. Pushkin translated the first scene from Measure for Measure in 1833, but abandoned the project in order to create his own original literary product. Pushkin’s incomplete, albeit successful (one might even venture to call it brilliant!) translation was a first step towards the composition of his poem The Angelo. Many Russian and foreign researchers share the common opinion that Pushkin’s remake of Measure for Measure is not only as good as the original, but even more complete than Shakespeare’s play. Pushkin changed the genre, plot, composition and the conception of Shakespeare’s characters. He changed the title of Shakespeare’s creation and gave the poem a new original spirit, with a Russian accent, wherein lies the most important part or even the embryo of his creativity. Nevertheless, most of the poem’s text consists of Shakespeare’s words and appears to be a free translation–recreation. Pushkin’s work on the poem The Angelo reflects his need for spiritual growth and creative evolution.